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第六巡回法院认为应由仲裁员裁定“可仲裁性”问题(美国案例)

2020617日,在Piersing v. Dominos Pizza, No. 19-2388一案中,美国第六巡回上诉法院(以下简称法院)认为,当事人在协议中并入《AAA规则》构成“明确无误”的证据表明当事人同意将“可仲裁性”问题提交仲裁。因此,法院维持地方法院的裁定,命令当事人将争议提交仲裁。

一、背景介绍

Domino在美国拥有数千家披萨餐厅,与其他大型连锁店一样,Domino通过特许经营模式经营许多这样的餐厅。每个加盟店均具有独立的法律身份,但Domino仍在某些方面对加盟店进行控制。与本案相关的是,据称Domino要求加盟店在未经雇主事先同意的情况下,不得从其他加盟店招揽或雇佣员工。

Piersing2014年秋天开始在华盛顿州的一家Domino连锁店工作。四年后,Piersing在当地的另一家Domino连锁店找到了第二份工作。Piersing所签订的雇佣协议包含仲裁条款,约定将一系列与雇佣有关的争议提交仲裁,同时还明确约定根据《美国仲裁协会解决雇佣争议的国内规则》(以下简称《AAA规则》)进行仲裁。

大约在同一时间,Piersing得知其已被第一家Domino连锁店解雇。Piersing在第二家Domino连锁店工作几个月后因健康原因离职。

Piersing与另一名原告随后对Domino提起集体诉讼,指控该公司的《特许加盟协议》违反联邦反垄断法和州法律。Domino请求法院将争议强制提交仲裁。两名原告反对这项动议,认为Domino不能执行仲裁协议,因其不是协议当事人。地方法院支持了Domino的强制仲裁动议,理由是当事人已将可仲裁性问题提交仲裁。

Piersing提出上诉,第六巡回上诉法院作出如下认定。

二、法院认定

《联邦仲裁法》反映了“仲裁是一个合同问题”的基本原则,合同必须“根据其条款”执行。作为推论,最高法院承认,“当事人可以同意让仲裁员不仅决定具体争议的实质,而且还决定‘可仲裁性’的‘门槛’问题,例如当事人是否同意仲裁,或者当事人的协议是否涵盖某一特定争议。”当当事人同意将“可仲裁性”提交仲裁时,法院不得无视当事人的约定——即使某一仲裁理由似乎“完全缺乏根据”。(To understand this case, you first need a little background about federal arbitration law. The Federal Arbitration Act reflects the basic principles that “arbitration is a matter of contract” and that contracts must be enforced “according to their terms.” Rent-A-Center, W.,Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 67 (2010). As a corollary, the Supreme Court has recognized that “parties may agree to have an arbitrator decide not only the merits of a particular dispute but also ‘gateway’ questions of ‘arbitrability,’ such as whether the parties have agreed to arbitrate or whether their agreement covers a particular controversy.” Henry Schein, Inc.v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 524, 529 (2019) (cleaned up). After all, such an agreement is “simply an additional, antecedent agreement ”about who should decide these questions. Rent-A-Center, 561 U.S. at 69. And when parties have agreed to arbitrate “arbitrability,” a court may not disregard their agreement—even if a particular argument for arbitration seems to be wholly groundless.” Henry Schein, 139 S. Ct.at 528–31.

问题在于如何确定当事人是否同意将“可仲裁性”提交仲裁。通常,法院会根据州法律来解释仲裁协议,但对于“可仲裁性”问题,最高法院采纳了一项额外的解释规则:必须有“明确无误”的证据表明当事人同意由仲裁员来裁定此类问题(参见First Options of Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995)案)。

在涉案协议的仲裁条款中,Piersing同意“由美国仲裁协会对仲裁进行管理,仲裁将根据届时有效的《AAA规则》进行”。而《AAA规则》规定:“仲裁员有权就其管辖权作出裁定,包括与仲裁协议的存在、范围或有效性有关的任何异议。”法院要解决的问题是,上述措辞是否构成“明确无误”的证据表明当事人同意将“可仲裁性”问题提交仲裁。

首先,法院指出,《AAA规则》明确授权仲裁员裁定可仲裁性问题,例如关于协议“范围”的问题。当事人可以在协议中约定将外部文件并入合同,这是一项既定已久的法律。Piersing所签署的协议明确将《AAA规则》并入到协议中,甚至还包含了AAA网站的链接,方便通过该链接轻松访问规则。这是相当有说服力的证据,表明Piersing同意将“可仲裁性”问题提交仲裁。

另外,法院援引最高法院、本案巡回法院及其辖区内的地区法院,以及其他巡回法院(根据法院统计,十二个巡回法院中有十一个巡回法院持相同观点)的相关判例表示,并入《AAA规则》(或类似措辞的仲裁规则)构成“明确无误”的证据,表明当事人同意将“可仲裁性”问题提交仲裁。

至此,法院得出结论认为当事人已同意将“可仲裁性”提交仲裁。随后,法院对双方当事人所提出的如下反对理由予以回应。

Piersing辩称仲裁条款并入《AAA规则》只针对协议范围内的权利请求,法院必须首先确定协议是否涵盖某一权利请求,然后仲裁员才有权处理管辖权问题。法院认为,仲裁条款并未以这种方式对并入进行限制,只是约定“仲裁将根据届时有效的《AAA规则》进行。” 其他法院也将类似提法解读为通常授权仲裁员决定“可仲裁性”问题。(But nothing in the relevant provision limits the incorporation in this way. Instead, it simply provides that “the arbitration will be conducted in accordance with then-current [AAA Rules].” R. 61-4, Pg. ID982. Other courts have read similar references to “arbitration” or “the arbitration” as generally authorizing an arbitrator to decide questions of “arbitrability.” See, e.g., Dish Network, 900 F.3d at 1244–46; Simply Wireless, 877 F.3d at 525, 527–28; Awuah, 554 F.3d at 9, 11; Terminix Int’l Co., 432 F.3d at 1332.

Piersing还辩称,《AAA规则》只涉及仲裁协议的“存在、范围或有效性”,而不涉及非签署方是否可以执行该协议。法院认为,Piersing忽略了规则中的关键措辞。《AAA规则》规定:“仲裁员有权就其管辖权作出裁定,包括与仲裁协议的存在、范围或有效性有关的任何异议。”其中,“包括”一词表明,仲裁协议的“存在、范围或有效性”是对“管辖权”的说明性列举,而非排他性列举。(In full, the rule provides that “[t]he arbitrator shall have the power to rule on his or her own jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the existence, scope or validity of the arbitration agreement.” R. 61-6, Pg. ID 989 (emphasis added). The term “including” shows that the latter issues—“existence, scope or validity”—are meant to illustrate rather than exhaust the concept of “jurisdiction.” See, e.g., Burgess v.United States, 553 U.S. 124, 131 n.3 (2008).)因此,Domino是否可以针对Piersing执行协议的问题实际上是一个已提交给仲裁员解决的可仲裁性问题。

Piersing还辩称,即使《AAA规则》授权仲裁员解决可仲裁性问题,这种权力也不具有“排他性”。法院指出,该规则确实未包含“排他性”的字眼。但是,在法律上,对一事物的表述往往意味着对其他事物的排除。(Piersing also argues that even if the relevant AAA rule gives arbitrators the power to decide questions of “arbitrability,” it doesn’t give them the exclusive power to do so. Piersing is right that the rule doesn’t include the word “exclusive.”But in law the expression of one thing often implies the exclusion of other things. See, e.g., Bruesewitz v. Wyeth LLC,562 U.S. 223,232–33 (2011).)。如果把该规则解读为“仲裁员有权裁定其管辖权,但法院也有权裁定该事项”,情况会变得混乱,双方当事人将进行一场奔向法院(或仲裁)的竞赛,期待其偏好的裁决者首先就该问题作出裁定。(Arbitration agreements may be less fun than a night out with friends. But the same rules of English apply. Most people who read the sentence, “[t]he arbitrator shall have the power to rule on his or her own jurisdiction,” wouldn’t then think “but a court may also rule on this issue.” And things would get pretty chaotic if the rule were read this way. It would lead to a race to the courthouse (or arbitrator’s forum) to have each party’s preferred decisionmaker be the first to rule on the issue.)法院得出结论认为,对《AAA规则》最好的解读是,该规则赋予仲裁员裁定“可仲裁性”问题的排他性权力。

最后,Piersing提出了一项政策担忧,即作出有利于Domino的裁定意味着任何人可以强制对“可仲裁性”问题进行仲裁,而不论其仲裁论点多么轻率(frivolous)。法院指出,最高法院最近驳回了一个几乎相同的论点,即“轻率的强制仲裁动议”。最高法院解释到,无论这项政策有什么价值,法院都不能改写《联邦仲裁法》的文本来适应这种担忧。最高法院还认为这种担忧有些言过其实:仲裁员可以迅速解决轻率的动议,在某些情况下甚至会对此类动议进行制裁。(The court pointed out that the Supreme Court had recently rejected a nearly identical argument about “frivolous motions to compel arbitration.” The Supreme Court explained that—whatever the merits of this policy concern—it could not rewrite the text of the FAA to accommodate this concern. It also found the concern overstated: arbitrators can quickly resolve frivolous motions and in some cases even imposesanctions for such motions.

综上所述,法院认为,当事人通过并入《AAA规则》已经将可仲裁性问题提交仲裁。因此,法院支持地方法院的裁定,命令当事人将争议提交仲裁。

三、总结

在本案中,Piersing先后与两家Domino连锁店签订雇佣协议,前一家连锁店根据Domino的《特许加盟协议》解雇了PiersingPiersingDomino提起诉讼,指控该公司的《特许加盟协议》违反联邦反垄断法和州法律。Domino提出强制仲裁的动议。

本案所涉的问题是Piersing与非协议当事人DominoDomino的两家连锁店才是协议当事人)之间就《特许加盟协议》是否违反联邦反垄断法和州法律的争议是否应当提交仲裁。

由于涉案协议并入《AAA规则》,而《AAA规则》规定仲裁员有权就其管辖权作出裁定,本案法院援引最高法院、本案巡回法院及其辖区内的地区法院,以及其他巡回法院的相关判例认为,并入《AAA规则》(或类似措辞的仲裁规则)构成“明确无误”的证据,表明当事人同意将“可仲裁性”问题提交仲裁。根据本案法院的统计,十二个巡回法院中有十一个巡回法院持相同观点。由此可见,对于并入《AAA规则》是否构成明确无误的证据表明当事人将可仲裁性问题提交仲裁,各巡回法院的观点保持高度一致。